Experimental study of Lentinan antagonizes against hepatic lipid deposition induced by sodium arsenite in mice / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the ameliorative effect of Lentinan (LNT) on sodium arsenite (SA)-induced hepatic lipid deposition in mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were used as the experimental subjects, which were divided into control group, SA-exposed group, LNT + SA-exposed group and LNT control group. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected at the end of the experiment, and serum glutathione transaminase (ALT) and glutathione aminotransferase (AST) levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A part of liver tissues was stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) or oil red O to observe the characteristics of liver pathological damage and lipid deposition, and another part of liver tissues was used to detect triglyceride (TG) and Adiponectin (APN) levels by ELISA. Results Compared with control group or LNT control group, SA-exposed group showed the increased levels of AST and ALT, showing the characteristics of liver histopathological damage and lipid deposition, and the APN level decreased while the TG level increased (P<0.05). Compared with SA-exposed group, the levels of AST and ALT decreased in LNT + SA-exposed group, showing the reduced degree of liver tissue damage and lipid deposition, and APN level upregulated while TG level downregulated (P<0.05). Conclusion Chronic SA exposure induces liver function damage, APN downregulation and lipid deposition in C57BL/6 mice, while LNT intervention leads to the significantly improvement of hepatic damage and lipid deposition, which may be related to the elevated APN level in liver.

Feasibility of Combination of Antagonism Chinese Medicinals based on the Theory of “Eighteen Antagonisms” / 中医杂志

@# The “eighteen antagonisms” of Chinese medicinals have been regarded as taboos in the field of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， and the connotations have gradually been narrowed down in the development of TCM. From the historical perspective， “eighteen antagonisms” are not an absolute taboo in terms of the combination of medicinals， and the existing types of antagonism medicinals are also worth further discussion. From the perspective of toxicological effects， the toxicology of the “eighteen antagonisms” mainly comes from the enhancement of the toxic and side effects of a certain herb， rather than the combination of two herbs. From the perspective of pharmacodynamic actions， the combination of some antagonism medicinals can achieve therapeutic effects that cannot obtained by conventional medicinals， which is feasible and reasonable in clinical practice. Therefore， it is believed that the application of combining some antagonism medicinals based on “eighteen antagonisms” is of positive significance. Moreover， strict combination， processing and decoction methods should be noted in the use of antagonism medicinals. All mentioned above will provide reference for the correct recognition and use of the combination of “eighteen antagonisms”， and broaden the combination thinking for the treatment of clinical diseases with TCM.

Feasibility of Combination of Antagonism Chinese Medicinals based on the Theory of “Eighteen Antagonisms” / 中医杂志

The “eighteen antagonisms” of Chinese medicinals have been regarded as taboos in the field of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， and the connotations have gradually been narrowed down in the development of TCM. From the historical perspective， “eighteen antagonisms” are not an absolute taboo in terms of the combination of medicinals， and the existing types of antagonism medicinals are also worth further discussion. From the perspective of toxicological effects， the toxicology of the “eighteen antagonisms” mainly comes from the enhancement of the toxic and side effects of a certain herb， rather than the combination of two herbs. From the perspective of pharmacodynamic actions， the combination of some antagonism medicinals can achieve therapeutic effects that cannot obtained by conventional medicinals， which is feasible and reasonable in clinical practice. Therefore， it is believed that the application of combining some antagonism medicinals based on “eighteen antagonisms” is of positive significance. Moreover， strict combination， processing and decoction methods should be noted in the use of antagonism medicinals. All mentioned above will provide reference for the correct recognition and use of the combination of “eighteen antagonisms”， and broaden the combination thinking for the treatment of clinical diseases with TCM.

Research progress of the protective mechanism of anthocyanins against arsenic-induced health hazardss / 中华地方病学杂志

Arsenic exists widely in nature. Long-term arsenic exposure is closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases related to nervous system, digestive system, urinary system, cardiovascular system and other related diseases, which seriously threatens human health. Anthocyanins belong to flavonoids, which have the characteristics of antioxidant properties, and have the functions of protecting liver, improving memory, improving immunity, and protecting nervous system, digestive system, urinary system, cardiovascular system, etc. In this paper, the research status of arsenic-induced health hazards and the protective mechanism of anthocyanins on health hazards in recent years is summarized, in order to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning injury.

Potencial nematicida de hongos aislados de cultivos de plátano dominico hartón (Musa AAB Simmonds) del suroeste antioqueño / Nematicidal potential of fungi isolated of Plantain crops (Musa AAB Simmonds) from southwest Antioquia

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el potencial nematicida de aislados fúngicos provenientes de cultivos de plátano de los municipios de Andes y Jardín (Suroeste antioqueño). Se analizaron in vitro diez aislados fúngicos frente a los nematodos fitoparásitos de los géneros Meloidogyne y Radopholus. Los hongos pertenecían a los géneros Paecilomyces, Pochonia, Arthrobotrys, Lecanicillium y Metarhizium. Se realizaron pruebas metabólicas cualitativas con diversos sustratos con el fin de observar la capacidad de degradación de diferentes compuestos característicos en la estructura de huevos o juveniles de nematodos. También, se evaluó la capacidad de colonizar huevos o juveniles de Meloidogyne sp. y, la mortalidad de los aislados frente a los géneros Meloidogyne y Radopholus. Se encontró que la mayoría de los aislados fueron capaces de degradar Tween 80 (90% de los aislados), seguido de caseína (80%), gelatina (80%), Tween 20 (60%), y en menor medida quitina (40% de los aislados); además, el 30% de los aislados presentaron formación de cristales en los medios de Tween. El 70% de los aislados podían infectar huevos, mientras que el 30% restante infectaban juveniles (J2) de Meloidogyne sp., después 24 horas de incubación. En cuanto al porcentaje de mortalidad del hongo y el filtrado, se encontró que todos los aislados difieren del control (p<0.05), siendo aislados de los géneros Pochonia y Paecilomyces quienes presentaron porcentajes de mortalidad superiores al 90%.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the nematicidal potential of fungal isolates from plantain crops in the municipalities of Andes and Jardín (Southwest Antioquia). Ten fungal isolates were analyzed in vitro against phytoparasitic nematodes of the genera Meloidogyne and Radopholus. The fungi belonged to the genera Paecilomyces, Pochonia, Arthrobotrys, Lecanicillium, and Metarhizium. Qualitative metabolic tests were carried out with various substrates to observe the degradation capacity of different characteristic compounds in the structure of nematode eggs or juveniles. Also, the ability to colonize eggs or juveniles of Meloidogyne sp. and, the mortality of the isolates against the genera Meloidogyne and Radopholus were evaluated. It was found that most isolates were capable of degrading Tween 80 (90% of isolates), followed by casein (80%), gelatin (80%), Tween 20 (60%), and to a lesser extent chitin (40 % of isolates); in addition, 30% of the isolates presented crystal formation in the Tween media. 70% of the isolates could infect eggs, while the remaining 30% infected juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne sp., after 24 hours of incubation. Regarding the percentage of mortality of the fungus and the filtrate, it was found that all the isolates differ from the control (p<0.05), and some isolates of the genera Pochonia and Paecilomyces who presented mortality percentages higher than 90%.

In vitro bioprospecting of rhizospheric fungi associated to cactus (Opuntia cochenillifera) to plant growth promotion / Bioprospección in vitro de hongos rizosféricos asociados al cactus (Opuntia cochenillifera) para la promoción del crecimiento vegetal

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the plant growth promotion capacity of rhizospheric fungi from Opuntia cochenillifera. The isolates were submitted to phosphate solubilization, acetic acid-3-indole (AIA) production, antagonism against phytopathogens, and growth under water activity. All test results were subjected to statistical analysis. The studied isolates were able to solubilize phosphate, being F04 (Aspergillus sp.) and F05 (Coprinellus radians) the ones that presented the highest solubilization indices. As to produce AIA, F02 (Penicillium sp.) and F07 (Aspergillus sp.) were the most promising. All isolates could inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum sp. and Fusarium sp. Water restriction provided mycelial growth for all isolates. Therefore, these characteristics confer characteristics as growth promoters in plants.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar in vitro la capacidad de los hongos rizosféricos aislados del cactus Opuntia cochenillifera para promover el crecimiento de las plantas. Los aislados fueron sometidos a pruebas de solubilización de fosfato, producción de ácido 3-indol acético (AIA), antagonismo contra fitopatógenos y crecimiento bajo actividad de agua. Todos los resultados de las pruebas se sometieron a análisis estadístico. Los aislados estudiados fueron capaces de solubilizar fosfato, siendo F04 (Aspergillus sp.) y F05 (Coprinellus radians) los que presentaron los mayores índices de solubilización. Sobre la producción de AIA, los que más produjeron fueron F02 (Penicillium sp.) y F07 (Aspergillus sp.). Todos los aislados pudieron inhibir el crecimiento de Colletotrichum sp. e Fusarium sp.. La restricción de agua proporcionó el crecimiento del micelio para todos los aislados. Por lo tanto, estes aspectos les confieren características como promotores del crecimiento en las plantas.

DSM-5 Pathological Personality Traits Among College Students / Rasgos de Personalidad Patológica según el DSM-5 en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios

Abstract Individuals with personality pathology exhibit significant impairment in intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning that compromise psychological welfare of significant others. However, common pathological personality traits in college students remain unclear. This study aimed to describe pathological personality traits identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., DSM-5) Section III alternative model of personality disorder in college students. This is a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional study. Participants were 81 college students from a Colombian University who were administered the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Findings suggest that women scored significantly higher than men on hostility (z=-2.577; p=0.01; n 2 = 0.082). A medium size effect was found (p> 0.039) through the ( 2 index. The remaining variables did not prove statistically significant differences when controlling the participant gender (p < 0.05). The personality domain that reached the most dysfunctionality was disinhibition (risk taking, impulsivity, rigid perfectionism). Negative affect had the highest mean score and gender differences in facets and domains showed that women scored significantly higher than men on hostility. However, more studies into the pathological personality traits established by the PID-5 is required if the shift to a dimensional model is likely to occur in future editions of the DSM.

Resumen Las personas con patologías de la personalidad exhiben un deterioro significativo en el funcionamiento inter-intrapersonal que compromete el bienestar psicológico de los más cercanos. Sin embargo, los rasgos de personalidad patológica más comunes en estudiantes universitarios aún no son muy claros. Este estudio busca describir los rasgos de personalidad patológica identificados en el manual diagnóstico y estadístico de trastornos mentales (DSM-5), en estudiantes universitarios. Este es un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, no experimental. Los participantes fueron 81 estudiantes del programa de psicología de una Universidad Colombiana quienes fueron evaluados por medio del Inventario de personalidad para el DSM-5. Los hallazgos sugieren que las mujeres tuvieron puntuaciones significativamente más altas que los hombres en hostilidad (z=-2.577; p=0.01; n 2 = 0.082). Se encontró un tamaño del efecto medio (p> 0.039) por medio del índice ( 2 . En las demás variables no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto al género (p < 0.05). Inhibición presentó el grado más alto de disfuncionalidad. Afecto negativo obtuvo la puntuación promedio más alta y las diferencias de género muestran que las mujeres tienden a ser más hostiles que los hombres. Sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios sobre los rasgos de personalidad patológica propuestos por el Inventario de personalidad para el DSM-5 si a futuro se propone un modelo dimensional.

Ornamental plant Pachystachys lutea as a source of promising endophytes for plant growth and phytoprotective activity

Endophytes are growth-promoting agents capable of synthesizing phytohormones, uptaking nutrients, and controlling pathogens. There is a strong potential to exploit them in the agriculture field like biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. In this work, we aimed to evaluate endophytic fungi isolated from Pachystachys lutea for their potential to solubilize phosphate, synthesise indole acetic acid (IAA), antagonize phytopathogens, and promote plant growth under greenhouse conditions. The phosphate solubilization efficiency was assessed on Pikovskaya’s agar medium. For analysis of IAA production, mycelia plugs of endophytes were cultured in Potato Dextrose Broth medium supplemented with L-tryptophan, with Salkowski Reagent, and the absorbance of the culture was measured. The antagonism evaluation of strain Alternaria sp. PL75 against phytopathogens was performed using the paired-culture technique. The promotion of plant growth provided by Alternaria sp. PL75 was evaluated in tomato plants. All strains evaluated were able to solubilize phosphate; however, the strain Alternaria sp. PL75 was the most effective (4.29). Two strains, Nemania sp. PL27 and Alternaria sp. PL75, produced 1.86 and 1.73 & 956;g mL-1 of IAA, respectively. In the antagonism assay, the endophyte Alternaria sp. PL75 and its fungal extract showed the best results against the pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. The greenhouse experiment result showed the endophyte Alternaria sp. PL75 increased the plantlets emergency speed index and the percentage of germination from 60 to 81.63%. It was also observed a statistical significance in the shoot length of the treated plants with the endophyte suspension (55.38 cm) compared to the control (41.67 cm).

Interaction of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme inhibiting herbicides with auxin herbicides on ryegrass / Interação de herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetil-CoA carboxilase com herbicidas auxínicos sobre azevém

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the antagonistic effect of the mixture ofacetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase (ACCase) enzyme inhibiting herbicides and auxin herbicides in Lolium multiflorum and to determine mechanisms to mitigate this possible effect. The first experiments were conducted by associating the herbicide clethodim (108 g a.i. ha−1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (54 g a.i. ha−1), and clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl (108+54 g a.i. ha−1) with 2,4-D (1005 g a.e. ha−1) or triclopyr (720 g a.e. ha−1), in addition to the sole application of the respective graminicides. Another experiment included clethodim (54; 81; 108; 162; 216 g a.i. ha−1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (27; 40.5; 54; 81; 108 g a.i. ha−1), and clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl (54+27; 81+40.5; 108+54; 162+81; 216+108 g a.i. ha−1) mixed with 2,4-D (1005 g a.e. ha−1), or triclopyr (720 g a.e. ha−1), in addition to the control treatments without herbicide application. In the second experiment, herbicides clethodim (108 g a.i. ha−1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (54 g a.i. ha−1), and clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl (108+54 g a.i. ha−1) in combination with the herbicides 2,4-D (1005 g a.e. ha−1) or triclopyr (720 g a.e. ha−1)had malathion (1000 g a.i. ha−1) or glyphosate (720 g a.e. ha−1) mixed, in addition to the sole applications of the graminicides. The herbicide clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl did not present an antagonistic interaction with the auxin herbicides, and obtained 85% weed control. To obtain control similar to the sole application of this graminicide, the dose of the herbicide clethodim needs to be increased by 20%. However, the mixture of the herbicide quizalofop-p-ethyl with 2,4-D and triclopyr affects the ryegrass control. The use of strategies that increase the absorption of ACCase herbicides or the inhibition of P450 enzymes are ways to mitigate the antagonistic effect caused by the association of the two auxin herbicides.

RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito antagônico da mistura de herbicidas inibidores da enzima ACCase e herbicidas auxínicos em Lolium multiflorum e determinar mecanismos de mitigação deste possível efeito. No primeiro momento foram conduzidos experimentos associando o herbicida clethodim (108 g i.a. ha-1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (54 g i.a. ha-1) e clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl (108 + 54 g i.a. ha-1) com 2,4-D (1005 g e.a. ha-1) ou triclopyr (720 g e.a. ha-1), além da aplicação isolada dos respectivos graminicidas. Outro experimento contou com clethodim (54; 81; 108; 162; 216 g i.a ha-1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (27; 40,50; 54; 81; 108 g i.a ha-1) e clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl (54 + 27; 81 + 40,50; 108 +54; 162 +81; 216 + 108 g i.a ha-1) em mistura com 2,4-D (1005 g e.a ha-1) ou triclopyr (720 g e.a. ha-1), além das testemunhas sem aplicação herbicida. No segundo momento os herbicidas clethodim (108 g i.a. ha-1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (54 g i.a. ha-1) e clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl (108 + 54 g i.a. ha-1) em associação com os herbicidas 2,4-D (1005 g e.a ha-1) ou triclopyr (720 g e.a. ha-1), contaram com adição de malathion (1000 g i.a. ha-1) ou glyphosate (720 g e.a. ha-1), além das aplicações isoladas dos graminicidas. O herbicida clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl não apresentou interação antagônica com os herbicidas auxínicos, obtendo controle de 85%. Já para o herbicida clethodim é necessário o aumento de dose em 20 % é capaz de obter controle similar a aplicação isolada deste graminicida. Porém para o herbicida quizalofop-p-ethyl a mistura com os herbicidas 2,4-D e triclopyr repercute na diminuição do controle do azevém. O uso de estratégias que aumente a absorção do herbicida inibidor de ACCase ou a inibição das enzimas P450 são formas de mitigar o efeito antagônico causado pela associação destes dois tipos de herbicidas.

The effects of photoperiodism and exposure to bisphenol A on hepatic lipid metabolism in female mice / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects and the underlying mechanisms of photoperiodism and exposure to bisphenol A(BPA) on hepatic lipid metabolism in female mice. METHODS: A 2×2 factorial design was used. The photoperiod factor was set to fixed and shifted photoperiod, and the BPA factor was set to BPA exposure(BPA group) and non-exposure(control group). Specific pathogen free female C57 BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into four groups: fixed photoperiod control group, shifted photoperiod control group, fixed photoperiod BPA group, and shifted photoperiod BPA group, with eight rats in each group. The fixed photoperiod mice received a 12 ∶12 hours light-dark cycle, and the shifted photoperiod mice experienced reversed light-dark cycle once a week. Mice in BPA group were administered a dose of BPA 50 μg/kg body weigh by gavage, while mice in control group were given a equal volume of corn oil, once per day, five days per week for 12 weeks. The body weight of mice was measured during the experiment. After 12 weeks, all mice in each group were sacrificed. Plasma was collected and the levels of biochemical parameters were measured. Liver tissues were separated for examination of lipid deposition using oil red O and hematoxylin-eosin staining, and plasma triglyceride levels were measured. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA relative expression of genes of fat metabolism in liver tissues. RESULTS: At the end of the experiment, the body weights of mice were higher than that before the experiment(all P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in body weights among the four groups(all P>0.05). The levels of plasma glucose, triglyceride and activity of alanine aminotransferase were higher in shifted photoperiod mice than that in the fixed photoperiod mice(all P<0.05). The plasma aspartate transaminase level was higher in BAP group than that in control group(P<0.01). The area of lipid staining in hepatic tissue was larger in the shifted photoperiod control group, fixed photoperiod BPA group and shifted photoperiod BPA group(all P<0.05), and hepatic lipid droplets aggregation was increased in these three groups compared with the fixed photoperiod control group. The mRNA relative expression of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha(Acaca) was higher in the fixed photoperiod BPA and shifted photoperiod control groups(all P<0.05), compared with the fixed photoperiod control group. The relative expression of Acaca mRNA was lower in the shifted photoperiod BPA group than that in the fixed photoperiod BPA group(P<0.05). The mRNA relative expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein(Srebp) 1 and Srebp2 were significantly higher in the BPA group than that in the control group(all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Both the single shifted photoperiod or BPA exposure can increase hepatic lipid deposition in female mice. The mechanism may be related to up-regulation of the mRNA expression of Acaca, Srebp1 and Srebp2. The shifted photoperiod in combination of BPA exposure has an antagonistic effect on the expression of Acaca mRNA in liver tissues of female mice.

Effect of Fushengong Prescreption on Regulation-antagonism Effect of ACE-AngⅡ-AT1R Axis and ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MASR Axis of Rats with Chronic Renal Failure / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the effect of Fushengong prescreption on the regulation-antagonism effect of angiotensin converting enzyme-angiotensin Ⅱ-angiotensin Ⅱ 1 receptor （ACE-AngⅡ-AT1R） axis and angiotensin converting enzyme 2-angiotensin （1-7）-Mas receptor［ACE2-Ang（1-7）-MASR］ axis of rats with chronic renal failure（CRF）， and to explore its mechanism of delaying the development of CRF. Method:The 65 male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group （<italic>n</italic>=10） and modeling group （<italic>n</italic>=55）. The normal group was routinely reared， while the modeling group were administered by gavage with 0.25 g·kg^-1d^-1adenine suspension for 28 days. After the model was successfully established， the survival model rats were randomly divided into model group， benazepril group（0.01 g·kg^-1·d^-1）and low，medium and high dose of Fushengong prescreption groups （4，8，16 g·kg^-1·d^-1）. The normal group and model group were administered the same volume of normal saline by gavage， lasted for 28 days. After the experiment， systolic blood pressure （SBP） and diastolic blood pressure （DBP） of caudal artery were measured， and 24-hour urine was collected to determine 24-hour urine protein （24 h U-pro）. The content of serum creatinine（SCr） and blood urea nitrogen （BUN） in the serum were measured， the histological morphology was observed by hematoxylin eosin（HE）staining， and the degree of renal interstitial fibrosis was observed by Masson staining. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to determine the contents of AngⅡ， Ang （1-7） and Cystatin C （CysC） in serum and renal homogenate. The protein level of ACE， ACE2， AT1R and MASR were detected by Western blot. The expression of ACE and ACE2 protein in renal tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. Result:Compared with normal group， the expression levels of SCr， BUN and CysC in model group were significantly increased（<italic>P</italic><0.05）， the content of AngⅡ in serum and kidney tissues were significantly increased， the content of Ang （1-7） were significantly decreased（<italic>P</italic><0.05）， the expression of ACE and AT1R protein in renal tissues were significantly increased（<italic>P</italic><0.05）， and the expression of ACE2 and MASR protein were significantly decreased（<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Compared with model group and benazepril group， after the intervention with Fushengong prescreption， the serum SCr，BUN and CysC decreased（<italic>P</italic><0.05），the content of AngⅡ in serum and kidney tissues decreased significantly，Ang（1-7） increased significantly（<italic>P</italic><0.05）， the expression of ACE and AT1R protein in renal tissues decreased significantly（<italic>P</italic><0.05）， ACE2 and MASR protein increased significantly（<italic>P</italic><0.05）. The high-dose Fushengong prescreption has the best effect. The high， medium and low-dose effects of Fushengong prescreption were dose-dependent. Conclusion:Fushengong prescreption improved renal function and pathological change of kidney in adenine-induced rats with chronic renal failure. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of ACE-AngⅡ-AT1R axis and promotion of ACE2-Ang（1-7）-MASR axis ，which leads to the delaying of the progression of chronic renal failure.

Sourgrass control in response to the association of 2, 4-d to ACCase inhibitor herbicides / Controle de grama azeda em resposta à associação de 2, 4-d a herbicidas inibidores de ACCase

ACCase inhibitor herbicides are widely used to control poaceae such as sourgrass (Digitaria insularis). However, these herbicides are selective for eudicots, which requires the use of broadleaf herbicides in areas with broadleaf and narrow leaf weeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the association ACCase inhibitors and 2,4-D for the control of sourgrass. Two experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions. The first experiment evaluated the effect of associating 2,4-D and graminicides to control of sourgrass, using dose-response curves for the herbicides clethodim, quizalofop-P-tefuril and clethodim + quizalofop-P-tefuril. In the second experiment, due to the results of the first one, the necessary period between the application of 2,4-D and the graminicides was evaluated in order to avoid antagonism in sourgrass. The results show that the herbicide clethodim, at the recommended dose, has its efficiency reduced in about 8% when applied in association with 2,4-D. As for the herbicide quizalofop-P-tefuril, this effect was higher, causing a reduction of 39% in control. However, the association of 2,4-D to the mixture of clethodim + quizalofop-P-tefuril did not result in antagonism. It takes nine and 12 days between the application of 2,4-D and the graminicides clethodim and quizalofop-P-tefuril, respectively, for there to be no antagonism.

Os herbicidas inibidores da ACCase são amplamente utilizados no controle de poáceas, tal como o capim-amargoso. No entanto, esses herbicidas são seletivos para plantas eudicotiledôneas, o que demanda a utilização de herbicidas latifolicidas, tais como as auxinas sintéticas, em áreas que existam plantas daninhas de folhas largas e folhas estreitas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da associação de inibidores da ACCase e 2,4-D sobre o controle de capim-amargoso. Foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação. No primeiro experimento foi avaliado o efeito da associação de 2,4-D aos graminicidas no controle de capim-amargoso, utilizando-se curvas de dose-resposta para os herbicidas clethodim, quizalofop-P-tefuril e clethodim + quizalofop-P-tefuril. No segundo experimento, em decorrência dos resultados do primeiro, foi avaliado o período necessário entre a aplicação de 2,4-D e os graminicidas para que não ocorra antagonismo em capim-amargoso. Os resultados demonstram que para o herbicida clethodim, na dose recomendada, a redução de controle foi de cerca de 8% quando o 2,4-D foi aplicado em associação. Já para o herbicida quizalofop-P-tefuril, esse efeito foi superior, causando redução de 39% no controle. Porém, a associação do 2,4-D à mistura de clethodim + quizalofop-P-tefuril não resultou em antagonismo. São necessários nove e 12 dias entre a aplicação de 2,4-D e os graminicidas clethodim e quizalofop-P-tefuril, respectivamente, para que não ocorra antagonismo.

Importancia de compuestos antimicrobianos producidos por bacterias benéficas en el biocontrol de fitopatógenos / The importance of antimicrobial compounds produced by beneficial bacteria on the biocontrol of phytopathogens

ABSTRACT Bacteria produce antimicrobial compounds to compete for nutrients and space in a particular habitat. Antagonistic interactions can be evaluated by several methodologies including the double-layer agar and simultaneous inhibition assays. Among the well-known inhibitory substances produced by bacteria are the broad-spectrum antibiotics, organic acids, siderophores, antifungal, and bacteriocins. The most studied bacterial genera able to produce these inhibitory substances are Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Streptomyces, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Escherichia, and Burkholderia. Some beneficial bacteria can promote plant growth and degrade toxic compounds in the environment representing an attractive solution to diverse issues in agriculture and soil pollution, particularly in fields with damaged soils where pesticides and fertilizers have been indiscriminately used. Beneficial bacteria may increase plant health by inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms; some examples include Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Azospirullum brasilense, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas protegens, and Burkholderia tropica. However, most studies showing the antagonistic potential of these bacteria have been performed in vitro, and just a few of them have been evaluated in association with plants. Several inhibitory substances involved in pathogen antagonism have not been elucidated yet; in fact, we know only 1 % of the bacterial diversity in a natural environment leading us to assume that many other inhibitory substances remain unexplored. In this review, we will describe the characteristics of some antimicrobial compounds produced by beneficial bacteria, the principal methodologies performed to evaluate their production, modes of action, and their importance for biotechnological purposes.

RESUMEN Las bacterias producen compuestos antimicrobianos para competir por nutrientes y espacio en un hábitat particular. Las interacciones antagónicas pueden evaluarse mediante varias metodologías, incluido el agar de doble capa y los ensayos de inhibición simultánea. Las sustancias inhibidoras mejor conocidas producidas por bacterias incluyen antibióticos, ácidos orgánicos, sideróforos, antifúngicos y bacteriocinas. Entre los géneros bacterianos más estudiados que producen sustancias inhibidoras se incluyen Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Streptomyces, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Escherichia y Burkholderia. Algunas bacterias beneficiosas tienen la capacidad de promover el crecimiento de las plantas y degradar compuestos tóxicos en el ambiente, por lo que podrían incrementar el rendimiento de los cultivos y disminuir problemas de contaminación del suelo, especialmente donde los pesticidas y fertilizantes han sido utilizados indiscriminadamente. Algunas bacterias beneficiosas pueden aumentar la salud de las plantas al inhibir microorganismos patógenos, por ejemplo, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Azospirullum brasilense, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas protegens y Burkholderia tropica. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios que muestran el potencial antagónico de estas bacterias se han realizado in vitro, y pocos de ellos se han evaluado en asociación con plantas. Varias sustancias inhibitorias implicadas en el antagonismo de los patógenos aún son desconocidas; de hecho, sabemos que solo se ha aislado el 1 % de la diversidad bacteriana en un ambiente natural, lo que sugiere que hay muchas otras sustancias inhibitorias que no han sido exploradas. En esta revisión describimos las características de algunos compuestos antimicrobianos producidos por bacterias beneficiosas, las principales metodologías usadas para evaluar su producción, modos de acción y su importancia para fines biotecnológicos.

How pollinator visits are affected by flower damage and ants presence in Ipomoea carnea subs. fistulosa (Martius and Choise) (Convolvulaceae)? / Como as visitas de polinizadores são afetadas por dano as flores e presença de formigas em Ipomoea carnea subs. fistulosa (Martius e Choise) (Convolvulaceae)?

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of florivory and of the patrolling ants associated to EFNs-extrafloral nectaries, on the frequency of floral visitors, using the specie Ipomoea carnea subs. fistulosa (Martius and Choise) in Caatinga area. The floral attributes of the species were characterized. The effect of florivoria on the frequency of visitors and the influence of the presence of ants associated with the NEFs on the pollinator visit rate were evaluated. The rate of natural florivoria was recorded and collected floral visitors and ants over eight months. The damage on floral structure and the presence of ants foraging in the flowers causes a decrease in the number of total visits. The results may be justified by the fact that the floral damage consisted in the loss of important floral attributes. These effects for Ipomoea carnea subs. fistulosa can affect reproductive success, since it is a self-incompatible species and depends on the activity of the pollinators for their fertilization to occur.

Resumo Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da florivoria e do patrulhamento de formigas nos NEFs - nectários extraflorais sobre a frequência dos visitantes florais, utilizando a espécie Ipomoea carnea subs. fistulosa (Martius e Choise), em uma área de Caatinga. Os atributos florais da espécie foram caracterizados. Foram avaliados o efeito da florivoria sobre a frequência dos visitantes e a influência da presença de formigas associadas aos NEFs sobre a taxa de visita de polinizadores. Ao longo de oito meses foram registrados a taxa de florivoria natural foi registrada e realizada a coleta de visitantes florais e formigas. Os danos na estrutura floral e presença de formigas forrageando nas flores provocam decréscimo no número de visitas totais. Os resultados podem ser justificado pelo fato de que o dano floral consistiu na perda de atributos florais importantes. Estes efeitos para Ipomoea carnea subs. fistulosa podem afetar o sucesso reprodutivo, uma vez que é uma espécie autoincompatível e depende da atividade dos polinizadores para que a sua fecundação ocorra.

Action of Trichodermil 1306 in the control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato crops / Ação do Trichodermil 1306 no controle de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici na cultura do tomateiro

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is one of the most important diseases of tomato crop in Brazil. Several alternatives to fungicides have been evaluated in search for products that control this disease and have low environmental impact and toxicity to living beings. In this context, the use of Trichoderma spp. is an alternative to agrochemicals, since they are bioregulators and antagonists of several phytopathogens. This work aimed to evaluate the antagonistic and mycoparasitory action of the Trichodermil 1306 biofungicide against F. oxysporum, and its action in the control of fusarium wilt in tomato seeds and seedlings. The biofungicide was used at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150% of the dose recommended for application of 20 L with a backpack sprayer. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five replications. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and mean compared by Tukey's test at 5% probability. The 100% Trichodermil concentration was the most efficient for treating tomato seeds. Although this concentration did not show differences in relation to the lowest dose used (50%) in the tomato seed antagonism, mycoparasitism and F. oxysporum incidence tests were recommended because that the lowest concentration resulted in 18% lower root protrusion than that observed with 100% dosage. The in vitro antagonistic and mycoparasitory action of this biological fungicide indicates its potential in the control of fusarium wilt in tomato crops.(AU)

A murcha-de-fusário, causada por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, é uma das mais importantes doenças da cultura do tomate no Brasil. Várias alternativas aos fungicidas têm sido avaliadas na busca de produtos que controlem a doença e tenham baixo impacto ambiental e toxicidade aos seres vivos. Nesse contexto, o uso de Trichoderma spp. é uma alternativa a agrotóxicos, pois são biorreguladores e antagonistas de vários fitopatógenos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a ação antagonista e micoparasitória do biofungicida Trichodermil 1306 em F. oxysporum, e no controle da murcha-de-fusário em sementes e mudas de tomate. O biofungicida foi utilizado nas concentrações de 0, 50, 100 e 150% da dose recomendada para aplicação com pulverizador costal de 20 L. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A concentração de Trichodermil 100% foi a mais eficaz para o tratamento de sementes de tomateiro. Embora essa concentração não tenha se diferenciado da menor dosagem utilizada (50%) para os testes de antagonismo, micoparasitismo e incidência de F. oxysporum em mudas de tomate, sua recomendação se justifica pelo fato da menor concentração ter propiciado protrusão radicular 18% menor do que a observada na concentração de 100%. A ação antagonista e micoparasitória in vitro do fungicida biológico testado no presente estudo indica potencialidade de uso para o controle de murcha-de-fusário em tomateiro.(AU)

Bioprospection and molecular phylogeny of culturable endophytic fungi associated with yellow passion fruit

Endophytic microorganisms live inside the plants without causing any damage to their hosts. In the agricultural field, these endophytes might be a strategy of biological control for phytopathogens. We aimed to isolate endophytic fungifrom yellowpassion fruit (Passiflora edulis) leaves, evaluating its biocontrol capacity by in vitroantagonism against phytopathogen Colletotrichum sp. CNPU378. We also carried out greenhouse experiments in bean seedlings. A high colonization frequency was obtained (89%), and the molecular identification based on DNA sequencing attested Colletotrichumas the most frequent genus and minor occurrence of Curvulariaendophytes. The endophytes tested showed different types of competitive interactions in in vitro antagonism inhibition rate ranging from 28.8 to 48.8%. There were 10 promising antagonists tested for their antagonist activity of crude extracts of secondary metabolites, in which strain PE-36 (20.8%) stood out among the other strains evaluated. In the greenhouse assay, plants inoculated only with endophyte Colletotrichumsp. PE-36 was symptomless and suggest that the endophyte strengthened the growth promotion in common bean plants, especially in the root length and number of leaves when compared to control plantsand other treatments. Despite many fungiof Colletotrichumgenus being described as causative agents of anthracnose, in this study, the plant sampled was colonized predominantly by Colletotrichumendophytes living in asymptomatic relationship. By the way,we come across a Colletotrichumsp. endophyte able to antagonize a Colletotrichumsp. pathogen

Efecto antagonista del flumazenil sobre el isoflurano en la emersión de la anestesia general / Antagonist effect of flumazenil on isofluran in reversion of general anesthesia

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Isoflurane, an inhalational general anesthetic widely used in medical practice, belonging to the group of volatile liquids together with desflurane and sevoflurane, with various properties including sedation, hypnosis and anesthesia of patients undergoing treatment. surgical acts. Volatile inhalational anesthetics (halogenated) as mechanism of action, has the property of increasing inhibitory synaptic transmission at postsynaptic level by potentiating ion channels regulated by ligand activated by alpha-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist belonging to the group of imidazobenzodiazepine. It is currently known that there is no specific drug capable of antagonizing the effects of halogenates that allow the rapid and complete recovery of general anesthesia, for this reason this work focuses its efforts on demonstrating whether flumazenil has the ability to reverse the actions of the patient. isoflurane and allow an early restoration of the level of consciousness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study to be performed is a clinical type of longitudinal, prospective, unicentric and double blind. The sample will be formed by patients who are going to be subjected to a balanced general anesthesia. The sample will be divided into 2 large groups: group C (control) and group F (Flumazenil). At the end of the surgery, the mixture will be administered according to the selected group in a random manner (Flumazenil 0.25 mg or 0.9% solution in a 20 cc syringe) and the time of extubation, recovery time of the level of consciousness, time of discharge UCPA and hemodynamic state (FC, TAM and SO2). RESULTS: The flumazenil group showed a significantly shorter time from injection to extubation than the placebo group (p = 0.007). Differences in terms of shorter times needed to achieve Aldrete of 9 points in the flumazenil group (P = 0.04) were observed as were shorter anesthetic arousal times represented by a Ramsey 2. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure and saturation they had similar values between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: The study showed that a single dose of 0.25 mg of flumazenil administered at the end of the surgical act, just after completing all surgical stimulation was beneficial (P = 0.007) in the context of extubation times and shorter anesthetic arousal times.

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El isoflurano un anestésico general inhalatorio usado ampliamente en la práctica médica, perteneciente al grupo de los líquidos volátiles junto con el desflurano y sevoflurano, con variadas propiedades entre las que se encuentran la sedación, hipnosis y anestesia de los pacientes sometidos a actos quirúrgicos. Los anestésicos inhalatorios volátiles (halogenados) como mecanismo de acción, tiene la propiedad de aumentar la transmisión sináptica inhibidora a nivel postsináptico potenciando los canales iónicos regulados por ligando activados por ácido alfa-aminobutírico (GABA). El flumazenil es un antagonista benzodiazepínico perteneciente al grupo de los imidazobenzodiazepina. Se conoce actualmente que no existe un fármaco específico capaz de antagonizar los efectos de los halogenados que permitan la recuperación rápida y completa de la anestesia general, por tal motivo este trabajo centra sus esfuerzos en demostrar si el flumazenil tiene la capacidad para revertir las acciones del isoflurane y permitir un restablecimiento temprano del nivel de conciencia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El estudio a realizar es de tipo clínico de corte longitudinal, prospectivo, unicéntrico y doble ciego. La muestra se conformará por pacientes que vayan a ser sometidos a anestesia general balanceada. Se procederá a dividir la muestra en 2 grandes grupos: grupo C (control) y grupo F (flumazenil). Al final de la cirugía se administrará la mezcla según grupo seleccionado de manera al azar (flumazenil 0,25 mg o solución 0,9% en una jeringa de 20 cc) y se valorará el tiempo de extubación, tiempo de recuperación del nivel de conciencia, tiempo de alta de la UCPA y estado hemodinámico (FC, TAM y SO2). RESULTADOS: El grupo de flumazenil presentó un tiempo desde la inyección hasta la extubación significativamente más bajo que el grupo placebo (p = 0,007). Se observaron diferencias en términos de tiempos más bajos necesario para alcanzar Aldrete de 9 puntos en el grupo flumazenil (P = 0,04) al igual que tiempos de despertar anestésico más cortos representados por un Ramsey 2. La frecuencia cardíaca, presión arterial media y la saturación tuvieron valores similares entre los 2 grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: El estudio demostró que una única dosis de 0,25 mg de flumazenil administrado al final del acto quirúrgico, justo después de culminar toda estimulación quirúrgica fue beneficiosa (P = 0,007) en el contexto de tiempos de extubación y tiempos de despertar anestésico más cortos.

Creole bean seeds microbiolization with doses of Trichoderma harzianum / Microbiolização de sementes de feijão crioulo com doses de Trichoderma harzianum

ABSTRACT: In the search for improved yields, seed treatment by microbiolization has been used as an alternative to chemical treatment. The objective was to verify the physiological and sanitary quality of creole bean seeds, var. Chumbinho, after microbiolization with doses of a commercial product (c.p.) with Trichoderma harzianum (strain ESALQ-1306). The treatments were: T1) 100 mL c.p./100 kg seeds; T2) 150 mL c.p.; T3) 200 mL c.p.; T4) 200 mL of chemical treatment (c.p., 250 g L-1 fipronil + 25 g L-1 pyraclostrobin + 225 g L-1 thiophanate-methyl); and T5) control (without coating of seeds). The tests were: sanitary test (blotter test); germination and first count; accelerated aging, cold germination without soil, speed of germination rate (SGR), seedling shoot and root lengths, and emergence of seedlings in a greenhouse. T. harzianum controlled Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. and Fusarium oxysporum. With 100 mL c.p. of T. harzianum dose had better results for the germination and vigor, and this dose it is an alternative to chemical treatment in creole bean seeds.

RESUMO: Na busca por melhores rendimentos, o tratamento de sementes por microbiolização tem sido utilizado como alternativa ao tratamento químico. Objetivou-se verificar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de feijão crioulo, var. Chumbinho, após microbiolização com doses de um produto comercial (p.c.) com Trichoderma harzianum (cepa ESALQ-1306). Os tratamentos foram: T1) 100 mL p.c./100 kg de sementes; T2) 150 mL p.c.; T3) 200 mL p.c.; T4) 200 mL tratamento químico (p.c., 250 g L-1 fipronil + 25 g L-1 piraclostrobina + 225 g L-1 tiofanato metílico); e T5) controle (sem revestimento de sementes). Os testes foram: sanidade (blotter test), germinação, primeira contagem, envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio sem solo, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), comprimento de parte aérea e de raiz das plântulas e emergência em casa de vegetação. T. harzianum controlou Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. e Fusarium oxysporum. A dose 100 mL de p.c. teve melhores resultados para germinação e vigor, sendo que essa dose é uma alternativa ao tratamento químico em sementes de feijão crioulo.

Endophytic Enterobacter cloacae exhibits antagonistic activity against Pythium damping-off of cucumber / Enterobacter cloacae endofítica exibe atividade antagonista contra a podridão de pepino causada por Pythium

ABSTRACT: The study was performed to examine the potential presence of biological control agents against Pythium damping-off disease of cucumber.Examining eleven bacterial strains isolated from acid lime roots and rhizosphere soil showed that the bacterial strain RB1 was the most efficient in suppressing mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum, producing an inhibition zone of 5mm. Scanning electron microscopy study of the mycelia at the interaction zone showed that the pathogen hyphae were deformed and shriveled by the bacterial strain.In pot experiments, pretreatment with the RB1 bacterial strain reduced disease incidence significantly by 63%.The bacterial strain did not exhibit any negative significant effects on cucumber growth (plant height and root dry weight) in comparison with untreated control under growth chamber conditions. Molecular identification of strain RB1 based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed that it is Enterobacter cloacae. Findings from this study suggested that E. cloacae has a potential to be used as a biocontrol agent for suppressingcucumber damping-off disease caused by P. aphanidermatum. This is the first report of the antagonistic activity of E. cloacae against P. aphanidermatum-induced damping-off of cucumber.

RESUMO: O estudo foi realizado para examinar a presença potencial de agentes no controle biológico da doença do apodrecimento do pepino causado por Pythium. Examinando onze cepas bacterianas isoladas de raízes de cal ácida e solo da rizosfera mostraram que a cepa bacteriana RB1 foi a mais eficiente na supressão do crescimento micelial de P. aphanidermatum, produzindo uma zona de inibição de 5 mm. O estudo de microscopia eletrônica de varredura dos micélios na zona de interação mostrou que as hifas do patógeno foram deformadas e enrugadas pela cepa bacteriana. Em experimentos com vasos, o pré-tratamento com a cepa bacteriana RB1 reduziu significativamente a incidência da doença em 63%. A cepa bacteriana não exibiu nenhum efeito negativo. Efeitos significativos no crescimento do pepino (altura da planta e peso seco da raiz), em comparação com o controle não tratado sob condições da câmara de crescimento. A identificação molecular da cepa RB1 com base no gene 16S rRNA revelou que é a Enterobacter cloacae. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que E. cloacae tem potencial para ser usado como agente de biocontrole para suprimir a doença da podridão de pepino causada por P. aphanidermatum. Este é o primeiro relato da atividade antagônica de E. cloacae contra o amortecimento induzido por P. aphanidermatum de pepino.

Functional Attributes and Antagonism of Root-Associated Bacteria of Different Rice Cultivars from Acid Soil

Abstract: This study evaluated root endophyte bacteria and rhizobacteria in terms ofmultifaceted plant growth promotion (PGP) traits and antagonistic potential against majorfungal pathogens of rice (viz. Rhizoctonia solani, Bipolaris oryzae, Pyricularia oryzae,Ustilaginoidea virens and Sarocladium oryzae). Twenty bacterial isolates from each group(viz. endorhiza and rhizosphere) were isolated from different rice types of North EastIndia. Cultivated rice types were Upland rice (Mima, Kochi and Minil), Lowland HYV rice(Ranjit and Jaya) and Lowland scented rice (Keteki Joha and Kunkuni Joha). Thepopulation of rhizospheric bacteria was higher than the endophyte isolates. Thepopulation counts of endophyte bacteria were the highest in scented rice cultivar(Kunkuni Joha) and for rhizobacterial isolates; the population density was maximum inthe lowland HYV rice (Jaya). The endophytes were more efficient than the rhizobacteria interms of the activity of cellulase, pectinase, ACC-deaminase, production of IAA- likesubstances, solubilization of zinc and mineralization of organic phosphates. In contrast,the rhizobacterial isolates were more efficient in solubilization of inorganic phosphatesand antagonism against major rice fungal pathogens. Through 16S rDNA sequenceanalysis, the promising rhizobacterial isolates showing antagonism against all the fungalpathogens were identified as Brevibacillus reuszeri 12R, Lysinibacillus xylanticus 48R,Bacillus megaterium 58R and Serratia marcescens 79R. These results suggest that the rootbacterial endophytes and rhizobacteria characterized in this study could be successfullyused to promote plant growth and induce fungal resistance in rice plants and can be usedas bioinoculants for enhancing rice growth in the acid soil regions.